Drawing of earth encircled with celestial rings
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The Protestant Astrology of Early American Almanacs

The wildly popular books helped people understand farming and health through the movement of the planets, in a way compatible with Protestantism.
Nicholas Black Elk
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Wounded Knee and the Myth of the Vanished Indian

The story of the 1890 massacre was often about the end of Native American resistance to US expansion. But that’s not how everyone told it.
Various foods, such as milk, peanuts, potatoes, bread, and bananas, on a beige background.
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A Brief History of the Calorie

The measure of thermal energy expended by exercise was adapted from the study of explosives and engines.
Native Hawaiian schoolchildren around 1900.
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How Public Schools "Americanized" Hawai‘i

Colonial education administrators recruited teachers from the mainland, but soon realized another strategy was in order.
Borden logo featuring the smiling face of Elsie the Cow in the center of a flower.
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Who Was Elsie, Besides the World’s Most Famous Cow?

In the Great Depression, Borden sought a new spokescow to help preserve its traditional agrarian image.
Girls and boys in a 19th century classroom.
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The End of Men, in 1870

In 1790, U.S. men were about twice as likely as U.S. women to be literate. But by 1870, girls were surpassing boys in public schools.
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What the Reconstruction Meant for Women

Southern legal codes included parallel language pairing “master and slave” and “husband and wife.”
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Selling Slashers to Teen Girls

The heroines of 1970s and 80s teen horror movies were traditionally feminine, tough, and sexually confident.
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Why Did Christianity Thrive in the U.S.?

Between 1870 and 1960, Christianity declined dramatically across much of Europe. Not in America. One historian explains why.
Rachel Carson conducting marine biology research with Bob Hines offshore.
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Rachel Carson's Critics Called Her a Witch

When Silent Spring was published, the response was overtly gendered. Rachel Carson's critics depicted her as hysterical, mystical, and witchy.
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What Does History Smell Like?

Scholars don't typically pay that much attention to smells, but odors have historically been quite significant.
Chicago police in a carriage.
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A History of Police Violence in Chicago

At the turn of the century, Chicago police killed 307 people, one in eighteen homicides in the city—three times the body count of local gangsters.
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Being a Victorian Librarian Was Oh-So-Dangerous

In the late 19th century, more women were becoming librarians. Experts predicted they would suffer ill health and breakdowns.

Happy, Healthy Economy

Growth is only worth something if it makes people feel good.
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A History of Noise

Whether we consider the sounds of nature to be pleasant or menacing depends largely on our ideologies.
Children working a machine in a textile mill.
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The Campaign for Child Labor

Why did David Clark campaign to keep kids working in the early 20th century? For one thing, it benefited his interests.
An ad published in the first issue of 'Consumer Reports' (1936).
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Can Consumer Groups Be Radical?

A historian looked at the consumer movements of the 1930s to find out.
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Where Sunday School Comes From

Sunday school was a major part of nineteenth century reformers’ efforts to improve children’s lives and morals.
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The Lost Language of American Loggers

A 1942 glossary documents the origins of terms like "punk," "haywire," and "skidroad."
George Washington.
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What Is Presidents’ Day Actually About?

For most of American history, Washington's Birthday was a really big deal, but that’s changed a lot since the middle of the twentieth century.
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What the Prisoners’ Rights Movement Owes to the Black Muslims of the 1960s

Black Muslims have been an influential force in the prisoners' rights movement and criminal justice reform.
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Before Net Neutrality, There Was Radio Regulation

How today's media landscape was shaped by a 1920s decision to privilege corporate broadcasters over noncommercial ones.
Semi on a mountain highway.
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The Populist Power of the American Trucker

How did truckers nudge the American economy toward deregulation?
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The Cookbook That Brought Chinese Food to American Kitchens

The lasting influence of "How to Cook and Eat in Chinese."